Different ways to listen to PDFs read aloud on iPhones. Speechify cuts your reading time in half by letting you listen instead. Trusted by 20+ million students & professionals. Gwyneth Paltrow. English Female Voice. Snoop Dogg. English Male Voice. John. English Male Voice.PDF audio reader ; 6 top PDF to audio converter apps to use in 2023 ; Voice over generator for PowerPoint ; Best screen readers to help you read the screen of your computer or phone ; Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert a PDF to speech ; Text to speech in Powerpoint ; Discover Chat GPT-4’s text-to-speech …Read aloud any text with realistic AI voices, compatible with webpages, kindle Ebooks, Google Docs, PDF, Emails, and more. NaturalReader - Text To Speech, is a chrome extension that converts text online into natural sounding audio. Simply press play and have your Emails, Websites, PDFs, Google Docs and Kindle Books read aloud to you!Also, if what you were using Adobe Acrobat (or any other software) to embedd just a sound file to the PDF using the insert rich media tool, ensure that the sound file is also a supported sound format. Such is the case if the original sound file is a MIDI file, it needs to be converted to .mp3 as well. Review this guidance if needed: Using Rich ...Mar 19, 2024 · Tool 5. Natural Reader. When it comes to a coherent PDF audio recorder or PDF reader voice application, Natural Reader is the first one that comes into our minds. Being available on both iPhone and Android, the app aids you in reading the PDF text easily and quickly. Not only does it support PDF files, but you can also upload Word documents. Text to speech (TTS) is a technology that converts text into spoken audio. It can read aloud PDFs, websites, and books using natural AI voices. Text-to-speech (TTS) technology can be helpful for anyone who needs to access written content in an auditory format, and it can provide a more inclusive and accessible way of communication for many people. Thomas Frank (YouTuber) We built an ultra-realistic text-to-speech engine that can read out loud any text. The AI voices can turn any text into audio in a natural and professional narration style. It's designed for long-form listening and trained to be indistinguishable from real audiobook narratiors. Try the demo samples below to hear for ... Today’s evolving technology has provided us with enhanced ways to consume written content and one of these is PDF audio readers. As their name indicates, PDF audio readers are tools that convert written text into spoken words, harnessing the power of text-to-speech (TTS) technology to bring documents to life. The importance of …Read aloud any text with realistic AI voices, compatible with webpages, kindle Ebooks, Google Docs, PDF, Emails, and more. NaturalReader - Text To Speech, is a chrome extension that converts text online into natural sounding audio. Simply press play and have your Emails, Websites, PDFs, Google Docs and Kindle Books read aloud to you!PDF audio reader ; 6 top PDF to audio converter apps to use in 2023 ; Voice over generator for PowerPoint ; Best screen readers to help you read the screen of your computer or phone ; Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert a PDF to speech ; Text to speech in Powerpoint ; Discover Chat GPT-4’s text-to-speech …Learn how to use text-to-speech (TTS) technology to have PDF files read aloud, improving accessibility and more. Compare four TTS apps and sites, including … Our Free PDF audio reader enables students to process digital information (eBooks, Word Docs, Excel Sheets, etc.) more effectively, transforming PDF documents into an immersive audiobook-like experience. PDF Read Aloud Features include: - Multi-language support. - Adjustable speech speed. - Control over pitch, rate, and volume of the speech. TTSReader is a free PDF audio reader that works online. So, you can use it on any device without any subscription cost. 4. The Best Free PDF Audio Reader for iPhone/iPad - PDF Voice Reader Aloud. PDF Voice Reader Aloud application for iPhones and iPads is the perfect choice if you want to get an audio-book experience from your PDF documents on ... PDF audio reader ; 6 top PDF to audio converter apps to use in 2023 ; Voice over generator for PowerPoint ; Best screen readers to help you read the screen of your computer or phone ; Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert a PDF to speech ; Text to speech in Powerpoint ; Discover Chat GPT-4’s text-to-speech …This video demonstrates how to make a simple and offline "PDF audio reader" using Python. Here we use PyPDF2 and pyttsx3.Code here: https://github.com/nikhil...How to convert PDF to audio for free. Upload PDF files you want to convert to speech. Specify the operation parameters, set the output audio format. Press the button. Download the generated audio files. Send download link by email. You can use it within 24 hours. Convert PDF to speech online. Make audiobook from PDF in one click.6 days ago · Whether you want to read on-screen or listen when your eyes are occupied, this versatile app caters to your every need. • Read and listen to web pages and various local files, including text, PDF, DOC, DOCX, RTF, OpenOffice documents, and HTML files. • Enjoy clutter-free web pages, with menus, navigation, ads, and other distractions removed. ReaderIt - Your Personal Text-to-Speech Companion. Transform PDFs, Text, Web Content, and More into Captivating Audio Adventures: Share the Magic for Socializing, Learning, …5] Balabolka. Balabolka is a Windows-based PDF Voice Reader, which utilizes Microsoft Speech API4 files to synthesize speech. Usually, Microsoft SAPI is bundled with Windows, but if it is not ...3.Adobe Acrobat Reader. Adobe Reader may be the go-to for many people when it comes to PDF files, and their free Acrobat Adobe Reader app will read out loud to you with customizable options regarding speed, preferred reader voice, pause features, and text highlighting. PDF Audio Reader: Convert text from PDFs into Speech. PDF Audio Reader with text to speech ai technology. English (US) Angel. pitch. speed. File. Pause. Clear. - +. SSML. Dialog. Cut. Step 1: Upload Your PDF Step 2: Review and Edit Step 3: Generate Speech from PDF Step 4: Download mp3 or wav audio. Characters. 114. Generate speech. Balance. Free. Text To Speech Reader. Instantly reads out loud text & PDF with natural sounding voices. Online - works out of the box. Drop the text and click play. Drag text or pdf files to the text-box, or directly type/paste in text. Select language and click Play. Remembers text and caret position between sessions.Drag and drop your files, or type, paste, and edit text here. Natural Reader is a professional text-to-speech program that converts any written text into spoken words. We have both free and paid subscriptions to our applications to meet different users' needs on different budgets. Our Plus subscription includes exclusive features and the use of ...Read Aloud is a Firefox extension that uses text-to-speech technology to convert webpage text to audio. It works on a variety of websites, including news sites, blogs, fan fiction, publications, textbooks, school and class websites, online universities and course materials. Read Aloud is aimed at users who prefer to listen to content instead of ...ChatGPT is an advanced AI-powered chatbot developed by OpenAI. It is based on the GPT-3 architecture and is designed to understand and generate human-like text. ChatGPT can be integrated into various applications and services, making it a versatile tool for natural language processing tasks.A: Yes, Listnr is a cloud-based PDF audio reader that allows you to listen to your documents online or offline. Simply upload your PDF file to the platform, and Listnr will convert it to audio and read it aloud. With the rise of digital books and documents, it's easier than ever to convert text to speech and listen to PDF files.1. Microsoft Edge. The easiest way to convert PDF to voice is via the in-built Microsoft Edge browser. All you have to do is right-click on the PDF file and select …Vedeți care oferă cea mai bună lectură, voce și ritm și alegeți un favorit pentru a continua să citiți cărțile în format PDF! 1. Adobe Reader DC. Da, principalul cititor PDF de pe piață are și o opțiune de citire vocală. Adobe Reader DC are o opțiune „previzualizare” care citește efectiv PDF-ul pentru dvs.Here’s how: Click on the ‘ Speechify ‘ plugin at the top right in your browser. 2. Click on Upload PDF. 3. This will take you to a screen where you can drag and drop any PDF file from your computer. 4. Once, it has been added to your library, you can click on the file you wish to read and it will automatically play the file.PDF audio reader ; 6 top PDF to audio converter apps to use in 2023 ; Voice over generator for PowerPoint ; Best screen readers to help you read the screen of your computer or phone ; Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert a PDF to speech ; Text to speech in Powerpoint ; Discover Chat GPT-4’s text-to-speech … Using LLM technology, you can even clone your own voice in minutes and make it speak over 100 languages. Free users can sample the Premium Voices for 20 minutes per day and the Plus Voices for 5 minutes per day. Or use any available Free Voices unlimitedly. You can also listen and go with our mobile app. By using the mobile camera, you can even ... Read aloud any Google Doc, PDF, webpage, or book with text to speech (TTS). Natural sounding voices in 30+ languages & 130 voices. Text to speech from Speechify lets you listen to docs, articles, PDFs, email, and other formats — anything you read. It’s one of the fastest growing voice generator extensions in the Chrome store..rtf .epub .pdf. OCR Scanned Documents. Instantly convert legacy scanned paper documents, images or photographed text into rich interactive and accessible content with full audio support. Find out more. Make Your … Screenshots. Have your books, PDFs and more read aloud to you by 140+ AI-powered voices in over 25 different languages/dialects! NaturalReader is a mobile app that can read aloud a variety of texts like PDFs, online articles, cloud documents, even images taken by your camera and so many more. With over 1 million monthly users and over 15 years ... To access Read aloud, open any PDF file in Microsoft Edge from your computer or from the web. In the toolbar along the top, you will see “Read aloud” as an option. Click/tap on this button to start. Microsoft Edge will start at the beginning and highlight each word as it goes along. You can control the reading speed and choose …ReaderIt - Your Personal Text-to-Speech Companion. Transform PDFs, Text, Web Content, and More into Captivating Audio Adventures: Share the Magic for Socializing, Learning, … Maximize Your Time, Connect, and Thrive Together! "ReaderIt is my go-to companion for entertaining audio and a perfect solution when I'm too tired to read." "With ReaderIt, I can improve my pronunciation and understand texts in my second language better." "ReaderIt boosts my productivity by converting important documents into speech, allowing ... Free download PDFelement to have a try. Try It Free. 1. Natural Reader Free. Natural Reader are one of the perfect PDF voice readers forward Windows and Mac. It ability supporting one to umsetzen PDF the speech even in languages not familiar. You have the option to adjust the speed starting reading press the speaker.Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. 1 2 ... 53. Free. Free to Try. Paid. Pdf Audio Reader free download - PDF Reader for Windows 10, PDF Reader for Windows 8, Free PDF Reader, and many more programs.Listen to your PDFs with Adobe Acrobat mobile with these easy steps!Watch more:Tutorial videos: https://bit.ly/2QulN6WApp review: https://bit.ly/3uYBuSHScieh...Compatible with Windows 11 PC. Adobe Acrobat Reader Cons: Not ideal for basic users who just need a PDF Voice Reader. It is a bit complex for newbies who just want to use the software for just a single purpose. Get Adobe Acrobat Reader. 3. Foxit Reader.Adobe® Reader® XI is a free software with a Read Out Loud function that uses the text-to-speech voices on your computer to read PDF files out loud.You can do...Vedeți care oferă cea mai bună lectură, voce și ritm și alegeți un favorit pentru a continua să citiți cărțile în format PDF! 1. Adobe Reader DC. Da, principalul cititor PDF de pe piață are și o opțiune de citire vocală. Adobe Reader DC are o opțiune „previzualizare” care citește efectiv PDF-ul pentru dvs. TTSReader is a free Text to Speech Reader that supports all modern browsers, including Chrome, Firefox and Safari. Includes multiple languages and accents. If on Chrome - you will get access to Google's voices as well. Super easy to use - no download, no login required. Here are some more features. This free online application allows you to explore our PDF-to-speech capabilities without installing any applications and writing a single line of code. It supports all modern browsers on desktops and smartphones. Just paste a text, sit back and listen to the information you need. This free app provided by Aspose OCR. Our Free PDF audio reader enables students to process digital information (eBooks, Word Docs, Excel Sheets, etc.) more effectively, transforming PDF documents into an immersive audiobook-like experience. PDF Read Aloud Features include: - Multi-language support. - Adjustable speech speed. - Control over pitch, rate, and volume of the speech. Foxit PDF Reader can read aloud from regular PDFs and PDF forms, too. If you want the software to read form fields aloud, simply do this: Go to File > Preferences > Speech and check the Read form fields option. In the PDF form, press Tab to select the first form field that you want to read out loud, and then press it again to move to the next ...Tap “New” in the left-hand toolbar. Click “Text Document.”. Copy and paste the textbook copy into the text box. Press submit. Customize the voice, reading speed, and other preferences. Click the “Play” button to listen to your textbook with Speechify. Enjoy a seamless and accessible reading experience right in your web browser.Free. View & print PDF files. Mac. Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. 1 2 ... 52. Pdf Voice Reader free download - PDF Reader for Windows 10, PDF Reader for Windows 8, Free PDF Reader, and many more programs.Thorium Reader is a free, highly accessible, multilingual and multi-format reading application. It has a modern user interface with no ads or private data leakage. This application is one of the best EPUB 3 readers on the market; you can also read PDF or DAISY files and listen to audio books. Thorium Reader supports Readium LCP DRM …Today’s evolving technology has provided us with enhanced ways to consume written content and one of these is PDF audio readers. As their name indicates, PDF audio readers are tools that convert written text into spoken words, harnessing the power of text-to-speech (TTS) technology to bring documents to life. The importance of …- PDF, Plain text, MS Word, MS PowerPoint, RTF, and Google Docs. - Textbooks - Web articles. - Bookshare Books. - EPUB eBooks. (DRM-free books only. Kindle, iBooks and most commercial eBook platforms are not supported.) - DAISY text-based books and audiobook. - Audiobooks in MP3, MP4 or zipped MP3 format. - Rich text and image …Get through any PDF, textbook, document, email 3x faster than reading. Voice Dream Reader lets you listen to PDFs, Web pages, and books using text-to-speech. Featured by Apple as Best New App and App of the Day in 81 countries. Download now to …Oct 23, 2023 · What is a PDF Audio Reader? A PDF audio reader is a software application or tool designed to convert text from PDF files into audio speech. By leveraging text-to-speech (TTS) technology, these readers provide an auditory version of the PDF content, allowing users to listen instead of read. Top 10 Use Cases of PDF Audio Reader: 3.Adobe Acrobat Reader. Adobe Reader may be the go-to for many people when it comes to PDF files, and their free Acrobat Adobe Reader app will read out loud to you with customizable options regarding speed, preferred reader voice, pause features, and text highlighting.all in one place. NaturalReader is a downloadable text-to-speech desktop software for personal use. This easy-to-use software with natural-sounding voices can read to you any text such as Microsoft Word files, webpages, PDF files, and E-mails. Available with a one-time payment for a perpetual license.NaturalReader. NaturalReader is a popular text-to-speech Chrome extension that is well-regarded by users for several reasons: High-quality voices: NaturalReader uses advanced text-to-speech technology to provide natural-sounding voices that are easy to understand. Wide range of supported file formats: NaturalReader can be used to convert …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Tutoriel vidéo présentant la fonctionnalité de lecture audio de l'outil Adobe Acrobat Reader. Apprenez comment la paramétrer : choix de la langue de la voix,... Use Adobe’s free Acrobat Reader app to have the text in your PDF read aloud to you. Simply follow these steps to have Acrobat Reader read PDF aloud: Open Reader and navigate to the document page you want to have read aloud. From the top-left menu, click View, then Read Out Loud. To hear the entire document: Open the PDF document. Select “Edit” at the top of the page. Click “Speech,” then “Start Speaking.”. To hear a selected piece of the document: Open the PDF ...Step 2: Convert PDF Text to an Audio Format. If you want a more permanent solution like an MP3 file, you’ll need to convert the PDF text. Here’s how to do it: Open …Download Adobe Acrobat Reader: Android, iOS. 2. Foxit Mobile PDF (Android, iOS: Free) (Image credit: Foxit Software) The mobile version of the popular desktop tool, Foxit Mobile PDF is another one ...PDF Audio Reader: Convert text from PDFs into Speech. PDF Audio Reader with text to speech ai technology. English (US) Angel. pitch. speed. File. Pause. Clear. - +. SSML. …1. Microsoft Edge. The easiest way to convert PDF to voice is via the in-built Microsoft Edge browser. All you have to do is right-click on the PDF file and select …SumatraPDF Reader. Multi-format ( PDF, EPUB, MOBI, FB2, CHM, XPS, DjVu) reader for Windows. Sumatra PDF is a free PDF, eBook (ePub, Mobi), XPS, DjVu, CHM, Comic Book (CBZ and CBR) viewer for Windows. Sumatra PDF is powerful, small, portable and starts up very fast. Simplicity of the user interface has a high priority.PDF audio reader ; 6 top PDF to audio converter apps to use in 2023 ; Voice over generator for PowerPoint ; Best screen readers to help you read the screen of your computer or phone ; Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert a PDF to speech ; Text to speech in Powerpoint ; Discover Chat GPT-4’s text-to-speech …Read aloud any text with realistic AI voices, compatible with webpages, kindle Ebooks, Google Docs, PDF, Emails, and more. NaturalReader - Text To Speech, is a chrome extension that converts text online into natural sounding audio. Simply press play and have your Emails, Websites, PDFs, Google Docs and Kindle Books read aloud to you!Create Audio. Tamil text to speech online voices make it easy to produce Tamil voiceovers, audio materials and videos. Narakeet has the best text to speech Tamil voices, based on latest AI technology that produces realistic, natural Tamil text to speech online. Check out the video below for a sample of our text to Tamil speech voices. Adobe Acrobat Reader software is the free, trusted global standard for viewing, printing, signing, sharing, and annotating PDFs. It's the only PDF viewer that can open and interact with all types of PDF content – including forms and multimedia. And now, it’s connected to Adobe Document Cloud services – so you can work with PDFs on any ... Oct 23, 2023 · What is a PDF Audio Reader? A PDF audio reader is a software application or tool designed to convert text from PDF files into audio speech. By leveraging text-to-speech (TTS) technology, these readers provide an auditory version of the PDF content, allowing users to listen instead of read. Top 10 Use Cases of PDF Audio Reader: Reader offer: Get a 7 day free trial on Adobe Acrobat Reader. Adobe Acrobat Reader is a versatile PDF viewer, great for Windows users. It lets you read, sign, fill, and annotate documents. The ...Choose the PDF file you want to convert. Change quality or size (optional) Click on "Start conversion" to convert your file from PDF to MP3. Download your MP3 file. Try the MP3 conversion with a PDF test file.ReaderIt - Your Personal Text-to-Speech Companion. Transform PDFs, Text, Web Content, and More into Captivating Audio Adventures: Share the Magic for Socializing, Learning, …To access Read aloud, open any PDF file in Microsoft Edge from your computer or from the web. In the toolbar along the top, you will see “Read aloud” as an option. Click/tap on this button to start. Microsoft Edge will start at the beginning and highlight each word as it goes along. You can control the reading speed and choose …To hear the entire document: Open the PDF document. Select “Edit” at the top of the page. Click “Speech,” then “Start Speaking.”. To hear a selected piece of the document: Open the PDF ... TTSReader is a free PDF audio reader that works online. So, you can use it on any device without any subscription cost. 4. The Best Free PDF Audio Reader for iPhone/iPad - PDF Voice Reader Aloud. PDF Voice Reader Aloud application for iPhones and iPads is the perfect choice if you want to get an audio-book experience from your PDF documents on ... Free. Text To Speech Reader. Instantly reads out loud text & PDF with natural sounding voices. Online - works out of the box. Drop the text and click play. Drag text or pdf files to the text-box, or directly type/paste in text. Select language and click Play. Remembers text and caret position between sessions.Tutoriel vidéo présentant la fonctionnalité de lecture audio de l'outil Adobe Acrobat Reader. Apprenez comment la paramétrer : choix de la langue de la voix,... Thomas Frank (YouTuber) We built an ultra-realistic text-to-speech engine that can read out loud any text. The AI voices can turn any text into audio in a natural and professional narration style. It's designed for long-form listening and trained to be indistinguishable from real audiobook narratiors. Try the demo samples below to hear for ... Reader offer: Get a 7 day free trial on Adobe Acrobat Reader. Adobe Acrobat Reader is a versatile PDF viewer, great for Windows users. It lets you read, sign, fill, and annotate documents. The ...Tutoriel vidéo présentant la fonctionnalité de lecture audio de l'outil Adobe Acrobat Reader. Apprenez comment la paramétrer : choix de la langue de la voix,...Free. Text To Speech Reader. Instantly reads out loud text & PDF with natural sounding voices. Online - works out of the box. Drop the text and click play. Drag text or pdf files to the text-box, or directly type/paste in text. Select language and click Play. Remembers text and caret position between sessions.
Adobe Acrobat Reader software is the free, trusted global standard for viewing, printing, signing, sharing, and annotating PDFs. It's the only PDF viewer that can open and interact with all types of PDF content – including forms and multimedia. And now, it’s connected to Adobe Document Cloud services – so you can work with PDFs on any .... Dallas to destin flights
Oct 11, 2023 · Making PDFs Audible: How to Have a PDF Read Aloud. Open the desired pdf document in a pdf reader. Navigate to the ‘Read Out Loud’ or equivalent option. Select ‘Activate Read Out Loud’. Choose either ‘Read This Page Only’ or ‘Read to End of Document’. The content will be read out loud using a computer-generated voice. PDF audio reader ; 6 top PDF to audio converter apps to use in 2023 ; Voice over generator for PowerPoint ; Best screen readers to help you read the screen of your computer or phone ; Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert a PDF to speech ; Text to speech in Powerpoint ; Discover Chat GPT-4’s text-to-speech capabilities Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. 1 2 ... 53. Free. Free to Try. Paid. Pdf Audio Reader free download - PDF Reader for Windows 10, PDF Reader for Windows 8, Free PDF Reader, and many more programs. Speechify, the leading PDF audio reader, provides both a free version and a premium subscription priced at $139 per year. Utilizing advanced text to speech and OCR technology, it can audibly render any digital or physical text. Accessible across devices through its website, Speechify also offers a Chrome extension and mobile app for …Read Aloud can read PDF, Google Docs, Google Play books, Amazon Kindle, and EPUB (via the excellent EPUBReader extension from epubread.com). Read Aloud is intended for users who prefer to listen to content instead of reading, people with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, and children learning to read.Toau es un ligero PDF Audio Reader para Mac que es ligero en 2.21 MB y, por lo tanto, es bastante rápido de descargar. No es necesario instalar el software y, según las opiniones de los usuarios, se observa el tiempo de conversión más rápido, hay muy poco retraso de procesamiento, entre el momento en que se carga el texto y el momento en ...PDF audio reader ; 6 top PDF to audio converter apps to use in 2023 ; Voice over generator for PowerPoint ; Best screen readers to help you read the screen of your computer or phone ; Read aloud text ; Obama text to speech ; How to convert a PDF to speech ; Text to speech in Powerpoint ; Discover Chat GPT-4’s text-to-speech …6 days ago · About this app. Have your books, PDFs, documents, and more read aloud to you by 140+ AI-powered voices in over 25 different languages/dialects! NaturalReader is a mobile app that can read aloud a variety of texts like PDFs, online articles, cloud documents, even images taken by your camera and so many more. With over 1 million monthly users and ... This app converts text to a natural sounding voice. The highest quality text to speech App available for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and now iPad! Use iTunes to share files between your computer and the app. VOICES SUPPORT. Choose from 40 languages, listen in different voices. Supports text-to-speech in the following languages:Get thousands of free audiobooks at OverDrive, LibriVox, Digitalbook.io, and other websites. Many websites provide totally free, full-length audiobook downloads, and I've tested them to pinpoint the very best choices. Unlike many "free" audiobook sites, these sources are entirely legal. NaturalReader converts text, PDF, and 20+ formats into spoken audio with AI voices. You can listen online, on mobile, or on Chrome extension, and use it for personal, commercial, or educational purposes. TTSReader is a free PDF audio reader that works online. So, you can use it on any device without any subscription cost. 4. The Best Free PDF Audio Reader for iPhone/iPad - PDF Voice Reader Aloud. PDF Voice Reader Aloud application for iPhones and iPads is the perfect choice if you want to get an audio-book experience from your PDF documents on ... Adobe® Reader® XI is a free software with a Read Out Loud function that uses the text-to-speech voices on your computer to read PDF files out loud.You can do...Multitasking: Users can easily listen to a PDF audio reader while doing other tasks. Learning preference: Auditory learners can better understand and retain information when it’s read aloud. Language learning: Non-native English speakers can benefit from hearing the pronunciation of words. How to read PDFs aloudThomas Frank (YouTuber) We built an ultra-realistic text-to-speech engine that can read out loud any text. The AI voices can turn any text into audio in a natural and professional narration style. It's designed for long-form listening and trained to be indistinguishable from real audiobook narratiors. Try the demo samples below to hear for ....