Intact osseous structures - In some instances, fluoroscopically positioned images may be needed to judge better alignment of the hardware or osseous structures to identify subtle changes more optimally[9,38,39]. However, the projectional nature of radiography, insensitivity to detect metastasis and to explain neurologic symptoms are drawbacks limiting its yield[ 4 …

 
The effects of cemento-osseous dysplasia on the adjacent dentition may include the loss of the normal lamina dura or a widened periodontal ligament space with occasional hypercementosis. Cortical expansion, generally only associated with large lesions, is uncommon and mild. The thin outer cortical bone will always be intact . As previously .... Elliot pediatrics and primary care at riverside

ACCESSORY NAVICULAR. Three types of accessory navicular have been described. Type 1 accessory navicular (Fig. 1) is found within the posterior tibial tendon, close to its attachment to the navicular, and makes up about 30% of cases.It is typically small, measuring about 2–3 mm in size, does not have a cartilaginous interface with the …At our institution, CT of the cervical spine is performed using helical scanners with slice thickness of 1.25 mm and interval of 1.25 mm from the skull base down to the mid T1 vertebral body. Dedicated thoracic and lumbar spine imaging is performed from mid C7 to mid L1, and from mid T12 to mid sacrum, respectively.Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia. Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) is a non-neoplastic change to bone associated with the tooth-bearing areas of the gnathic bones, generally affecting the mandible over the maxilla [].It is the most common BFOL of the jaws [].It may be under-represented in pathology services as many lesions are clinically and …5.3: Bone Structure. Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. A doctor has provided 1 answer. my doctor commented the osseous structures are remarkable for mild degenerative changes of the spine. what does that mean?: Incidental findings: The bone parts of your spine have early signs of. There are many ways to structure a business. Five of the more basic types include sole proprietorship, general partnership, limited partnership, limited liability partnership and a...Answer From April Chang-Miller, M.D. Yes. The term "degenerative changes" in the spine refers to osteoarthritis of the spine. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Healthcare professionals also may refer to it as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease. Osteoarthritis in the spine most commonly happens in the neck ...Malignant bone disease. There may be evidence of metastatic bone disease on a chest X-ray. This may manifest as a single bone metastasis, or as a diffuse abnormality representing widespread metastases. Bones may become denser (whiter) due to a sclerotic process (often seen in prostate cancer), or less dense (blacker) due to a lytic process (as ...Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite.However, these structures can be differentiated with the use of high-frequency linear transducers. The visceral and parietal pleura slide over each other on real-time examination. Immediately medial to the visceral pleura, the air-filled lung appears as an echogenic structure, and visualization of the deep lung parenchyma is limited.Anatomy of a Long Bone. A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 1). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of ...Osseous tissue refers to the rigid, calcified connective tissue found in the bones of higher vertebrates. This type of tissue is commonly referred to as bone tissue. Osseous tissue...Introduction. Bone is a biological material with a complex composite structure that gives bone the high strength, toughness, and lightweight required for its mechanical functions 1.The structural organization of bone has several hierarchical levels 2,3.The macroscale (larger than 10 mm) represents the whole bone, while the …If, in the presence of stable components with proper rotation and alignment, there is an intact tibial locking mechanism in the absence of femoral-bearing surface damage or baseplate metal wear, and if the lesions are peripherally accessible through a cortical window, then impaction bone grafting with polyethylene liner exchange may be a viable ...Nov 6, 2015 ... In contrast, cemento-ossifying fibroma showed a single large, intact specimen with a fibrous capsule, ovoid cementoid deposits, dense collagen ...Howard J. Luks, MD Updated September 17, 2021 Read time: 5 mins. Medial joint space narrowing is a common term many of you will see in your x-ray and MRI reports. Medial joint space narrowing is a long-winded way of saying you have arthritis on the inner, or medial side of your knee. Knee pain due to arthritis can be …Patterns of Injury -- Osseous Structures Intact . Clinical experience with capsuloligamentous/muscular injuries about the elbow reveals the inherent stability of the intact osseous/articular ...Osseous venous malformations are benign slow-growing vascular bone tumours that account for 2–10% of benign calvarial lesions and 0.2% of all bone neoplasms [1, 2, 16–18]. They affect the frontal and parietal bones predominantly and are more common during the 4th and 5th decades of life [ 1 , 2 , 6 , 16 – 18 ].Nonosseous or soft tissue injuries can be a perplexing entity for both the physician and patient. Whereas one can assess healing of a fracture or osseous injury through radiographic studies, and progression of the patient toward full-weight-bearing and normal shoe gear can occur, the healing of soft tissue injuries is often based on the …Therefore the intact bone appears as a hyperechoic, band-like structure. Fractures lead to a disruption of continuity at the surface of the bone. With modern ultrasound equipment with multiband linear array transducers (7–15 MHz) or a hockey stick probe, it is possible to distinguish between fractures that are dislocated or not dislocated [ 27 ].Dec 9, 2023 · It causes joint pain and stiffness that, left untreated, can progressively worsen. With mild OA, joint stiffness is at its worst in the morning but resolves about 30 minutes after you get out of bed. Joint pain, on the other hand, is usually worse at the end of the day or after heavy use. X-rays are used to diagnose OA. Lectins are present in many foods that you might otherwise think of as healthy — so it’s important to cook them well. These proteins can interfere with the body’s ability to effect...Wired magazine's How To Wiki has a short and sweet article on how to make your emails more efficient with a defined structure.Concrete driveway culverts play a vital role in managing water flow and preventing erosion on residential properties. These structures are designed to channel water underneath driv...3 doctors weighed in across 2 answers. suspicious densities are noted in the right upper lobe the heart is not enlarged. diaphragm and costophrenic sulci are intact what does it mean?: : This means you have something in the right lung in the top part. You.Other causes may be because the exam is not done the best way for the particular structure or problem. One reason for grossly normal may be a poor quality exam. Poor quality exams are often because of artifacts. This means the test is of poor quality because of patient or technical factors. One example for a poor quality exam from patient ...Learn about the volunteer structure of the American Heart Association's research programs. Join us in advancing cardiovascular health. Learn more today. Science and medicine volunt...41.2. Ligamentous structure of the midfoot. (A) The dorsal view shows extensive overlap of the interosseous ligaments. (B) The plantar ligaments are thicker than their dorsal counterparts and are dynamically reinforced by the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and peroneus longus tendons. Note the extensive attachments of theThe meaning of OSSEOUS is bony. Recent Examples on the Web The duo created a scheme to bill Medicaid for osseous surgeries, a painful procedure dealing with tooth removal and preparation of the area due to gum disease, that were never performed on patients.6-3 Bone (Osseous) Tissue. •Bone is composed of matrix and several types of cells: osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts. •Bone (Osseous) Tissue. •Dense, supportive connective tissue •Contains specialized cells •Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits •Around collagen fibers.Abstract. Radiographically occult and subtle fractures are a diagnostic challenge. They may be divided into (1) “high energy trauma fracture,” (2) “fatigue fracture” from cyclical and sustained mechanical stress, and (3) “insufficiency fracture” occurring in weakened bone (e.g., in osteoporosis and postradiotherapy).Identify the anatomical features of a bone. Describe the histology of bone tissue. Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone. Identify the structures that compose compact …It is thought as a benign osseous hamartoma of developmental origin. It is composed of cortical bone layers embedded within the surrounding vertebral marrow cavity and it is usually endosteal surface based. It is common in the mid-dorsal and lumbar regions, although it can occur anywhere. It has low signal on all MR pulse sequences . …Mar 18, 2019 · The effects of cemento-osseous dysplasia on the adjacent dentition may include the loss of the normal lamina dura or a widened periodontal ligament space with occasional hypercementosis. Cortical expansion, generally only associated with large lesions, is uncommon and mild. The thin outer cortical bone will always be intact . As previously ... The visualized osseous structures on chest CT which include the spine, ribs, sternum, scapula, and humerus should be examined on bone window settings (Level 600, Window 3000). Look at each one individually to see if it is fractured or contains a lytic or sclerotic lesion. The bones are reviewed on axial images, and the review is supplemented by ...If the outer layer of a cranial bone fractures, the brain is still protected by the intact inner layer. Figure 6.3.3 – Anatomy of a Flat Bone: This cross-section of a flat bone shows the spongy bone (diploë) covered on either side by a layer of compact bone. Osseous Tissue: Bone Matrix and Cells.Jan 23, 2024 · Yes. The term "degenerative changes" in the spine refers to osteoarthritis of the spine. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Healthcare professionals also may refer to it as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease. Osteoarthritis in the spine most commonly happens in the neck and lower back. A bone x-ray is used to: diagnose fractured bones or joint dislocation. demonstrate proper alignment and stabilization of bony fragments following treatment of a fracture. guide orthopedic surgery, such as spine repair/fusion, joint replacement and fracture reductions. look for injury, infection, arthritis, abnormal bone growths and bony ...The osseous structures within the wrist are complex, owing to small, multifaceted morphology and intimate relationships with one another that are held together by an extensive network of intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. 1 Although there are no direct tendinous attachments to the carpal bones themselves (besides the pisiform), 2 there …Bone Structure: Each bone is an organ since many different tissues are found in bones. Tissue types include: bone (osseous), cartilage (developing bone and articular cartilage), blood vessels (with blood, endothelial lining, muscle) nervous. General classifications based on shape: 1. Long bones: much longer than wide. Most common in appendages ...Non–Operative Management. The mainstay of non-operative management for glenohumeral OA is pharmacotherapy with acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to minimize the pain ...In some instances, fluoroscopically positioned images may be needed to judge better alignment of the hardware or osseous structures to identify subtle changes more optimally[9,38,39]. However, the projectional nature of radiography, insensitivity to detect metastasis and to explain neurologic symptoms are drawbacks limiting its yield[ 4 …What is osseous structures in lungs? Introduction: Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare pathologic finding, defined as a widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs. PO occurs in two forms. The first form is the nodular circumscribed type; the second form is the racemose or branching type. Males are more often affected than females.Apr 10, 2023 ... Laser osseous surgery: This newer method uses laser energy to target and kill bacteria around your teeth while keeping healthy tissue intact.Nov 18, 2022 ... LINK TO OUR WEBSITE https://simply-pathology.teachmore.com Join this channel to get access to perks: ...Anterior shoulder instability results in a variety of soft-tissue and osseous injuries. Injury to the anterior capsuloligamentous structures, the most common type of soft-tissue injury (i.e., Bankart lesion and variants) and its surgical management are well known and have been described extensively in both the radiologic and orthopedic …Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure. Terms in this set (54) Skeletal system includes - Bones of the skeleton (each bone is a separate organ)-Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues. Functions of the Skeletal System. 1. …Obtain an intact femur or a femur that is cut along its longitudinal axis; Identify, sketch the bone and label the following structures. Compact bone; Diaphysis; Epiphyseal line; Epiphysis; Metaphysis; Medullary cavity; Spongy boneEnlargement of the cardiac silhouette on a frontal (or PA) chest x-ray can be due to a number of causes 1: cardiomegaly (most common cause by far) pericardial effusion. anterior mediastinal mass. prominent epicardial fat pad. expiratory radiograph. AP projection (e.g supine radiographs taken with a portable machine) Recognizing …Cardiac silhouette refers to the outline of the heart as seen on frontal and lateral chest radiographs and forms part of the cardiomediastinal contour.. The size and shape of the cardiac silhouette provide useful clues for underlying disease. Radiographic features. From the frontal projection, the cardiac silhouette can be divided into right and …The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human body. Bone tissue, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the internal support structure of the body. In the areas of the skeleton where whole ...Osseous or bone tissue is the hard, mineralized, and dynamic connective tissue that provides the skeletal structure of the human body and other vertebrates. …Rotator cuff impingement syndrome and associated rotator cuff tears are commonly encountered shoulder problems. Symptoms include pain, weakness and loss of motion. Causes of impingement include ...Introduction. Bone is a biological material with a complex composite structure that gives bone the high strength, toughness, and lightweight required for its mechanical functions 1.The structural organization of bone has several hierarchical levels 2,3.The macroscale (larger than 10 mm) represents the whole bone, while the …Long road trips can be a blast—or they can be boring, exhausting endeavors. Here’s how, with a bit of preparation, you can make sure you survive your trip with your sanity intact. ...Reference: Anonymous. diaphragm both costophrenic sinuses and visualized osseous structures are intact. Last Update: 2023-07-05. Usage Frequency: 1. Quality: Reference: Anonymous. hemi diaphragm, sinuses,soft tissues and visualized osseous structures are intact. ang hemi diaphragm, sinuses, soft tissues at visualized …Overview. An X-ray is a quick, painless test that captures images of the structures inside the body — particularly the bones. X-ray beams pass through the body. These beams are absorbed in different amounts depending on the density of the material they pass through. Dense materials, such as bone and metal, show up as white on X-rays.The structure of the hilum is mainly formed by the pulmonary arteries and superior pulmonary veins. The identification of each vascular structure is important so that any other opacity can be carefully reviewed. Comparison with previous radiographs may be helpful. Normal, nonenlarged hilar lymph nodes are not visualised. The normal bronchial walls …Low back pain, leg pain and/or other signs of nerve compression are the most common symptoms. Pain or tingling symptoms that extend outward to the hip or down the leg can result from compression or inflammation of nerves, a condition referred to as lumbar radiculopathy. For example, a person may have pain in their knee and think it is …Patellofemoral arthritis is diagnosed when there is significant loss of cartilage from the joint surface of the patella and the trochlea (the groove in the femur where the kneecap rests). The diagnosis is restricted to arthritis seen only in this compartment of the knee. (If degenerative changes are also present in the lateral, medial and ...Whether the Waters view is sufficient for evaluating suspected acute bacterial sinusitis is debated. In general, Waters, Caldwell, and lateral views are obtained. On plain radiographs, other bony structures overlap the sinuses, and the rate of false-negative results is high. The posterior ethmoids are poorly visualized.Anatomy of a Long Bone. A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 1). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of ...Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body. In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.It mainly develops in the deep soft tissue of the distal parts of the limbs, adjacent to deep fascia, tendon, synovium and osseous structures in extremities. It forms a circumscribed firm tumour, with a variety of histological patterns and cytological features, including cords and nests of cells, some of which are vacuolated [ 26 ].Enlargement of the cardiac silhouette on a frontal (or PA) chest x-ray can be due to a number of causes 1: cardiomegaly (most common cause by far) pericardial effusion. anterior mediastinal mass. prominent epicardial fat pad. expiratory radiograph. AP projection (e.g supine radiographs taken with a portable machine) Recognizing …Malignant bone disease. There may be evidence of metastatic bone disease on a chest X-ray. This may manifest as a single bone metastasis, or as a diffuse abnormality representing widespread metastases. Bones may become denser (whiter) due to a sclerotic process (often seen in prostate cancer), or less dense (blacker) due to a lytic process (as ...Enlargement of the cardiac silhouette on a frontal (or PA) chest x-ray can be due to a number of causes 1: cardiomegaly (most common cause by far) pericardial effusion. anterior mediastinal mass. prominent epicardial fat pad. expiratory radiograph. AP projection (e.g supine radiographs taken with a portable machine) Recognizing …What is osseous structures in lungs? Introduction: Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare pathologic finding, defined as a widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs. PO occurs in two forms. The first form is the nodular circumscribed type; the second form is the racemose or branching type. Males are more often affected than females.joint stiffness and difficulty moving the joint, especially after long periods of inactivity. bone spurs, or exostosis, in the knee that are visible on X-ray images. knees that lock up due to bone ...Rotator cuff impingement syndrome and associated rotator cuff tears are commonly encountered shoulder problems. Symptoms include pain, weakness and loss of motion. Causes of impingement include ...Howard J. Luks, MD Updated September 17, 2021 Read time: 5 mins. Medial joint space narrowing is a common term many of you will see in your x-ray and MRI reports. Medial joint space narrowing is a long-winded way of saying you have arthritis on the inner, or medial side of your knee. Knee pain due to arthritis can be …Sep 8, 2023 · The bony pelvis is a complex basin-shaped structure that comprises the skeletal framework of the pelvic region and houses the pelvic organs. It is usually divided into two separate anatomic regions: the pelvic girdle and pelvic spine. The pelvic girdle, also known as the hip bone, is composed of three fused bones: the ilium, ischium and the ... Apr 26, 2017 · Consequently, there is a need for a clearing method that maintains the intact bone structure, preserves endogenous fluorescence, and allows deeper imaging within intact bone. In our previous work ( 15 ), we noticed that decalcification (deCAL) of bones by EDTA could, in principle, expand CLARITY applications to osseous tissues, but we only ... Abstract. The visualized osseous structures on chest CT which include the spine, ribs, sternum, scapula, and humerus should be examined on bone window …Osseous tissue refers to the rigid, calcified connective tissue found in the bones of higher vertebrates. This type of tissue is commonly referred to as bone tissue. Osseous tissue...It mainly develops in the deep soft tissue of the distal parts of the limbs, adjacent to deep fascia, tendon, synovium and osseous structures in extremities. It forms a circumscribed firm tumour, with a variety of histological patterns and cytological features, including cords and nests of cells, some of which are vacuolated [ 26 ].Ever wonder how to start a business? Here are the most common types of business structures and some tax considerations, too. I’ve often been asked by aspiring business owners how t...May 20, 2021 · Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body.In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement. Howard J. Luks, MD Updated September 17, 2021 Read time: 5 mins. Medial joint space narrowing is a common term many of you will see in your x-ray and MRI reports. Medial joint space narrowing is a long-winded way of saying you have arthritis on the inner, or medial side of your knee. Knee pain due to arthritis can be disabling, or the pain can ...A detailed understanding of the structures that make up the normal contours of the heart and mediastinum (cardiomediastinal contour) on chest radiography is essential if abnormalities are to be detected. Frontal view (PA/AP) Right cardiomediastinal contour. From superior to inferior: right paratracheal stripe. seen in two thirds of normal films 1Enlargement of the cardiac silhouette on a frontal (or PA) chest x-ray can be due to a number of causes 1: cardiomegaly (most common cause by far) pericardial effusion. anterior mediastinal mass. prominent epicardial fat pad. expiratory radiograph. AP projection (e.g supine radiographs taken with a portable machine)The abdomen and pelvis are supplied by branches of the abdominal aorta. Abdominal branches include the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, middle …The natural structure of your spine. The spinal canal is the space inside your spine that holds your spinal cord. It naturally gets narrower farther down your back. That’s part of why lumbar foraminal stenosis is the most common type. Anatomy differences. Some people have a spinal structure that makes it easier for foraminal stenosis to develop. This …Are you wondering about termites and structural property damage? Learn about termites and structural property damage in this article. Advertisement Termites. They're as small as an...41.2. Ligamentous structure of the midfoot. (A) The dorsal view shows extensive overlap of the interosseous ligaments. (B) The plantar ligaments are thicker than their dorsal counterparts and are dynamically reinforced by the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and peroneus longus tendons. Note the extensive attachments of the What is osseous structures in lungs? Introduction: Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare pathologic finding, defined as a widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs. PO occurs in two forms. The first form is the nodular circumscribed type; the second form is the racemose or branching type. Males are more often affected than females.

Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness.. How much are usfl players paid

intact osseous structures

The meaning of OSSEOUS is bony. Recent Examples on the Web The duo created a scheme to bill Medicaid for osseous surgeries, a painful procedure dealing with tooth removal and preparation of the area due to gum disease, that were never performed on patients. — Carrie Napoleon, chicagotribune.com, 26 Aug. 2021 Kruz and Paizlee …A detailed understanding of the structures that make up the normal contours of the heart and mediastinum (cardiomediastinal contour) on chest radiography is essential if abnormalities are to be detected. Frontal view (PA/AP) Right cardiomediastinal contour. From superior to inferior: right paratracheal stripe. seen in two thirds of normal films 1The 22nd bone is the mandible (lower jaw), which is the only moveable bone of the skull. Figure 7.3.1 – Parts of the Skull: The skull consists of the rounded cranium that houses the brain and the facial bones that form the upper and lower jaws, nose, orbits, and other facial structures.Most industries use structural steel beams to build their structures due to their strength, ease of construction and durability. The cost of structural steel beams varies depending...ACCESSORY NAVICULAR. Three types of accessory navicular have been described. Type 1 accessory navicular (Fig. 1) is found within the posterior tibial tendon, close to its attachment to the navicular, and makes up about 30% of cases.It is typically small, measuring about 2–3 mm in size, does not have a cartilaginous interface with the …Structural engineering is a fiel of engineering that centers on the construction of buildings and structures. Check out these structural engineering a Advertisement Buildings and s...Clinical grading systems for these lesions indicate that with increasing severity of injury, osseous structures, plantar capsuloligamentous structures, and tendons become involved . Similarly, the surgical body of literature remains somewhat vague, with broad reference to osseous and capsuloligamentous injury without precise …The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human body. Bone tissue, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the internal support structure of the body. In the areas of the skeleton where whole ...Are you wondering about termites and structural property damage? Learn about termites and structural property damage in this article. Advertisement Termites. They're as small as an...Structured interviews help get relevant and accurate info, which leads to better hires. Here’s the process and some example questions. Human Resources | How To Get Your Free Hiring...6-3 Bone (Osseous) Tissue. •Bone is composed of matrix and several types of cells: osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts. •Bone (Osseous) Tissue. •Dense, supportive connective tissue •Contains specialized cells •Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits •Around collagen fibers.Clinical grading systems for these lesions indicate that with increasing severity of injury, osseous structures, plantar capsuloligamentous structures, and tendons become involved . Similarly, the surgical body of literature remains somewhat vague, with broad reference to osseous and capsuloligamentous injury without precise …5.3: Bone Structure. Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses.Malignant bone disease may manifest as either single or multiple lesions. Bones are the densest normal structures seen on a chest X-ray. Despite this, the power of the X-ray …Abstract. Knowledge of the various spinal instrumentation techniques, implants, expected postoperative findings, and related complications can help radiologists accurately interpret postoperative spinal CT findings. During the past 2 decades, the number of spinal surgeries performed annually has been steadily increasing, and these …However, the measurements were carried out by well-experienced radiation technologists with extensive knowledge of cervical osseous anatomy. Fourth, we used a distance of 1.5 m between the X-ray tube and the film without correction for magnification.Other causes may be because the exam is not done the best way for the particular structure or problem. One reason for grossly normal may be a poor quality exam. Poor quality exams are often because of artifacts. This means the test is of poor quality because of patient or technical factors. One example for a poor quality exam from patient ....

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